Flood–pedestrian simulator for modelling human response dynamics during flood-induced evacuation: Hillsborough stadium case study

Abstract. The flood–pedestrian simulator uses a parallel approach to couple hydrodynamic model pedestrian in single agent-based modelling (ABM) framework on graphics processing units (GPU), allowing dynamic exchange and of multiple-agent information across the two models. is enhanced with more realistic human body characteristics in-model behavioural rules. new features are implemented factor age- gender-related walking speeds for pedestrians dry zones around floodwater include maximum excitement condition. It also adapted use age-related moving inside floodwater, either condition or running conditions applicable without an existing two-way interaction that considers effects congestion spreading. A autonomous change direction proposed make agents wayfinding decisions driven by their individual perceptions flood risk dominant choice made others. relevance newly added rules demonstrated applying augmented reproduce synthetic test case evacuation shopping centre, then contrast its outcomes against version does not consider age gender agent characteristics. real-world study mass from Hillsborough football stadium, showing usefulness emergency planning outdoor spaces where destination perception have great influence simulation outcomes.